Mathews Range

Calvin's .500 double Rigby, the same gun his grandfather and father hunted with. Photo by David Lansing.

We were talking about hunting. And how some people, including Calvin Cottar, who owns a tourist camp on the southeast border of the Masai Mara Reserve, think that the best way to save the wildlife in Kenya is to bring back trophy hunting (which was banned in 1977).

Here’s the problem in a nutshell: Wildlife has no value to the average Kenyan. Well, how can that be, you wonder, since Kenya has these wonderful wildlife parks and reserves? Because wildlife belongs to the state. And the only people who make money from ecotourism (i.e., photography safaris) are the Kenya government (and very little of this money ever makes it back to the local tribes) and the lodge operators. And as incidences of conflicts between people and wildlife increase, the animals are always going to lose.

As an example, in just one of the areas adjacent to the Masai Mara Reserve—the Koyiaki Ranch—the number of Masaai bomas or villages increased from 44 in 1950 to 368 in 2003, while the number of huts increased from 44 to 2,735. That puts a lot of pressure on wildlife that breaks down fences, damages crops, degrades water supplies, and threatens livestock and humans. So of course they’re not opposed to killing those animals. As a result, according to the Kenya Wildlife Service, “the (Masaai) country has lost a huge number of carnivores including lions, cheetahs, hyenas, and wild dogs” as well as hartebeest, impala, and other hoofed animals.

So what’s this got to do with hunting? Well, let’s take a look at elephants.

Some of the 2 tons of ivory and 5 rhino horns seized at the Nairobi airport on August 24.

In 1977, Kenya banned elephant hunting. But that didn’t stop the demand for ivory. So poachers began butchering the herds. In less than two decades following the ban on hunting, Kenya’s elephant herd went from about 150,000 to less than 6,000.

Botswana, on the other hand, permitted big game hunting and in the same period of time, their elephant herd has quadrupled. In 1980, Zimbabwe had 40,000 elephants. That number more than doubled until around 1990 when Mister Nutso, Robert Mugabe, took over as president (the government claims they currently have 100,000 pachyderms in Zimbabwe, but the government there claims a lot of things). The point is that elephant populations have increased in countries that allow trophy hunting and decreased in Kenya where hunting isn’t allowed.

But the key to that is the germ of an idea from a ridiculously-named program called CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Programmed for Indigenous Resources) under which the people living on communal lands claim the right or proprietorship to the wildlife. Thus the money made from trophy hunting goes back to the local population (and this same thing is being done in South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, and Botswana).

So now let’s take this general information and make it specific. As I wrote a few days ago, the hero of Lewa Wildlife Conservancy and Namunyak Conservancy, where Sarara is located, is Ian Craig who, twenty years ago, watched shifta bandits slaughter an entire family of elephants and, as a result, cut a deal with the local Samburu community and, in 1997, set up this little tented camp, Sarara, which is wholly owned by the local Samburu community. And now elephants, and other wildlife, have returned to both Lewa and Namunyak.

Which is great. Because the Samburu have discovered that they can make more money through ecotourism than they can from poaching wildlife. But, I asked Ian Craig the afternoon we had lunch together, what will the Samburu do if the price of ivory continues to skyrocket (in the last eight years, it’s gone from about $100 per kilo to $1,800 on the black market)?

“I worry about that,” he admitted. “If that happens, our model for community conservancy here would very much be at risk.” Then he went on to tell me that last year, when the price of ivory started going up again, they lost 21 elephants around Sarara. “But the community got together and sent out armed rangers and stopped it. Because they were invested in the elephants and it still made more sense for them to protect them than to kill them. But if the price (of ivory) continues to go up? I honestly don’t know what would happen. They might decide it made more sense to poach the elephants.”

Here’s the way Calvin looks at it: “It’s true that wildlife does well in places like Sarara and Lewa. But they don’t do well outside of parks and conservancies and before long there will be nothing left. The number of elephants we have seen here may very well still be present in twenty years—but we can’t sit in our lodge and look at elephants here while outside of areas like this, the wildlife is quickly being decimated. Because in the end, all we’ll be left with are urban areas ringing unnatural game ranches.

“I think the only way to save the animals, in the long run, is to give ownership of the animals to the local tribes and let them charge a fee for hunting. Then it’s to their benefit to conserve the animals. Just as is done in countries like Botswana. Otherwise, in the end, the local population will continue to allow the wildlife to decline in numbers. Think about it: Why would they not?”

Calvin thinks you might have to shoot these guys to save them. I'm starting to think he's right. Photo by David Lansing.

Calvin and I have been talking about hunting. A lot. As in The only way to save the wildlife in Kenya is to once again allow hunting.

I would never have imagined a month ago that I would agree that maybe the only way to save the elephants is to shoot them, but I do.

Here’s the thing: Kenya is losing about 4% of their wildlife every year, mostly from land use change. What does that mean? It means that there is pressure on the animals from Kenya’s exploding population. And the government feels pressured, understandably, to do more for the people and less for the animals.

When I was in Nairobi, I just happened to pick up a magazine in my room at Tribe called SWARA: The Voice of Conservation in East Africa. I’m flipping through it, looking at all the nice photos of elephants and rhinos and such and here’s this article, based on a BBC News story, reporting that in the Mara giraffe numbers are down by 95%, 80% for warthogs, 76% for hartebeest, and 67% for impala.

I don’t want you to think I’m making these numbers up so here’s a source from the study that was used in the BBC report. Take a look at it. There are skeptics as far as these numbers are concerned (and I’m one of them), but whether it’s 95% or 50%, that’s still a lot of giraffes, isn’t it?

Now if you actually look at this link regarding the collapse of wildlife in the Mara, you’ll see that the declines are “linked to rapid growth of Maasai settlements around the reserve.”

In other words, pressure from the increase in the number of settlements around the Mara. Animals and people need the same thing: water, food, and land. If one population (people) increases, another population (say, giraffes) has to decrease. It’s just common sense.

So, you wonder, what has this got to do with hunting?

The way things are right now in Kenya, the wildlife has no value to the native population. Lions, leopards, and cheetahs kill their livestock. Elephants, rhinos, and buffs destroy their fields and eat their crops. Everything else drinks their water, eats the grasses their cattle would eat, and takes up the land where they want to live. There is no value to them in conserving wildlife because wildlife does nothing but cause them problems.

I want to quote the arguments of a Samburu elder to a Kenyan warden, D.M. Sindiyo, about the Samburu’s feelings towards wildlife:

“We have been told to give way to the elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion, etc., and this has not been our way of life. Many of us have lost children, others have lost relatives and stock to these animals but they are of no value to us any more. The only value of these animals which we knew about is that they used to be the source of our traditionally important trophies, such as kudu horns used for war signals, lion manes worn as a sign of gallantry by the young warriors, buffalo hides for shields, elephant tusks for ornaments worn by the morrans, etc. The use of these things in our daily life is quickly becoming a thing of the past. This value of wildlife being gone, we know of no other value whatever and yet our cattle are being killed and our people either being killed or injured by these animals. We are fined or imprisoned when we kill these animals for food even in times of extreme famine despite the fact that we are told to share our land with them. The presence of these animals in our district means loss of lives and stock every year and nothing else.”

“This value of wildlife being gone, we know of no other value whatever…”

And this gets to the crux of the issue as to why hunting should be allowed in Kenya.

(To be continued…)

A desert rose in full bloom. Photo by David Lansing.

We’re driving through the dry bush on our way back to Sarara. The country here is rust and brown and dusty gray with the odd bit of green thrown in. And then all of a sudden there’s this gorgeous flowering tree with bright pink petals—a desert rose.

We stopped to get a closer look and to take photos. In a way, it reminded me of tropical plumeria with its five petals in a star shape and a whitish blush outward of the throat and bare branches.

Pete shoots the poisonous desert rose. Photo by Chris Fletcher.

Calvin says it’s related to oleander. And just like oleander, is extremely poisonous. In fact it’s what the Samburu and other tribes use to poison their arrows when they hunt.

He said what they do is chop up the stout, swollen trunks or thick branches, which have a texture similar to a ginger root, and squeeze the milky poisonous pulp into a pot which they then boil, being careful not to inhale the fumes which, he says, could stop your heart in a couple of minutes.

As the sap boils down, it becomes a thick, dark tar that is then scraped off the bottom of the pan and molded around the arrow tip and two or three inches of the shaft. They then wrap this part of the arrow in leather to preserve the poison which doesn’t last very long.

When they shoot something like an impala or Thomsons gazelle, they have to make sure to cut out the section of meat directly around the arrow so as not to poison themselves. The poison works like digitalis to slow and stop the heart, but supposedly even though it works its way through the animal’s bloodstream to stop the heart, it doesn’t poison the rest of the meat.

Interestingly enough, a well-known Kenyan marathon runner, Wesley Ngetich, was killed by an arrow poisoned with the sap of desert rose back in 2008 following some inter-tribal conflicts after the last presidential election. At about the same time, there was a surge in the number of poached elephants killed by poisoned arrows, particularly in Amboseli, near Kilimanjaro, where almost 50 elephants were either killed or wounded by poisoned spears and arrows. Such a shame. Something so ugly coming from such a beautiful plant.

I dream of rain

I dream of gardens in the desert sand

I wake in vain

I dream of love as time runs through my hand

Elegant Samburu women and a child in Northern Kenya. Photos by David Lansing.

The Samburu warriors were so silent and serene while Pete was photographing them, neither shy nor cocky. Just present. And aware.

Pete was moving quickly with these guys because they’re not going to stand there all day for you. They don’t mind letting you do your thing for three or four minutes, but then they’ve had enough and they move off and you can get their hackles up if you press them for more so you just take what you can get and say Asante sana—thank you very much.

But while he was shooting the lmurran three stunning looking Samburu women wandered out from their nkaji to see what was going on. The three women were wearing colorful nkelas and were decked out with elaborate beaded necklaces. One wore an ocher-colored necklace that must have been made up of at least a hundred strands. They all sported beaded crosses in their hairbands and showed the golden rings in their ear lobs that indicated they were married.

These three women could have been the wives of one elder or they could have been sisters-in-law, but whatever their relationship, you could tell they were very tight; if one moved a step to the left, the other two moved in the same direction.

The Samburu warriors were getting bored and Pete had caught the approach of the women, who stayed at a discreet distance from both us and the men, out of the corner of his eye. He asked Calvin if the women would let him photograph them. Calvin said it wasn’t likely, particularly since one of the women had a young child with her. But he would ask.

This is all very tricky. They are beautiful, dignified people. If they are going to allow you to photograph them, you want them to feel good about it and not like they’re being exploited.

Two of the women seemed open to the idea of just a few photos, but the woman in the middle, who was also the most stunning looking of the three, had a bit of Henry Kissinger in her. The negotiations between Calvin and this woman became protracted.

Who's shooting who? Photo by David Lansing.

Meanwhile, I suggested to Pete that maybe one way to make them feel more at ease about the whole thing was for him to let them take his camera and shoot photos of us or their friends or whatever they wanted. So he went up to the woman who was giving Calvin a hard time and showed her how the camera work and handed it to her.

She was magnificent. First she stuck the lens right in our faces, clicking off a dozen or more shots, one right after the other. Then she started taking photos of the two other women. Followed by shots of our vehicle, our feet, the Samburu warriors (who just looked stunned over this whole thing). Then she turned around and started quickly hoofing it off to her village. Which is when Pete went running after her. Wanting to make sure that she didn’t think he was giving her his camera. She laughed when he came running up. I think she was punking him.

But then she handed the camera back to Pete and three of them, looking as elegant as any New York models, lined up side by side and let Pete do his thing.

Afterwards, of course, they all wanted to see the results on his little LCD screen. And, like all women, were critical of the shots, laughing at each other and making it clear to Pete that they didn’t like certain images and wanted them removed.

God, what I wouldn’t have given to have had some sort of portable printer with me so that we could have given them some postcard-sized prints. That would have been priceless. Still, it was a very good afternoon.

Here’s a little 30-second clip of Calvin negotiating with the women and Pete taking their photos.

Samburu warriors looking good and just, you know, hangin'. Photos by David Lansing.

So we’re driving through the bundu, having no specific destination in mind, just hoping we’ll come across a manyatta sooner or later, which seems quite likely since this is the only track out here in the bush and why would there be a road if there wasn’t a village somewhere along it.  And then there, absolutely smack-dab in the middle of nowhere, are four or five Samburu warriors, called lmurran, just standing on the side of the road with their spears and pangas and rungus, those wicked head-knockers, looking like they’ve just been waiting for us.

These guys know how to dress. A couple of them are wearing hot pink nkelas wrapped around their waist, perfectly complementing their patterned purple or green kikois, and they’ve got more bracelets and necklaces on than a movie star at the Oscars. Ivory plugs are stuck in their stretched ear lobs and they’ve got beads and bangles and cowrie shells and feathers stuck in their ocher-smeared hair.

I mean, think about it. These guys aren’t going clubbing (well, maybe they are, but not in the way we think about it). They’re not dressed to go out on a date. This is just the way they look. Every day. Sharp. Stylish. Decked-out.

Now there’s no doubt that it is not easy being Samburu. The word “harsh” pops up a lot when people talk about the country they live in. As do the words “volcanic,” “dusty,” and “thorns.”

Always carry your panga and rungu when you're out with the boys. Photo by David Lansing.

They live in a hut made of mud and sticks called a nkaji which is no more than five feet in height and has no windows (though there is usually some sort of latticed affair to let out the smoke from the fire, which is built inside without a vent). The roofs are sealed with cow dung and covered either with hides (old-school) or gunny sacks (the modern improvement).

They live on a sort of maize porridge called posho or ugali and a nasty mix of cow’s blood and milk that they ferment in a long gourd, called a nkarau, which is guaranteed to infest most Westerners with parasites that can take a good year to clear out of your gut (just ask my photographer, Pete McBride). Once in awhile—usually on a special occasion, like a birth or marriage—they’ll kill one of their prized cows or goats for a little meat.

So, like I said, it’s not easy being Samburu. Still, if you’re going to be born a Samburu, you want to be a guy. Because their main job is to do what the four lmurran were doing when we came by: Stand around and look good.

The women build the houses. The women collect the firewood. The women take the donkeys to go get water, cook the posho, cure the animal hides, care for the children, milk the cows, aid the birth of totos (animal and human alike), make cooking utensils, weave the ornaments, hollow out and smoke the gourds used to store food, and keep things tidy and clean around the village.

The men take blood from the cattle (which are usually tended to by young boys). And slaughter a goat once in awhile. That’s about it.

Did I mention that the men also have two or three wives? So they have to spend a lot of time, you know, servicing everybody. It’s exhausting. No wonder these guys looked pleased to see us when we came by. No doubt we gave them something to do for the day besides just stand around looking good.